ABSTRACT
Recently, supplements for athletes are being increasingly used. To clarify the current status of supplement intake, we conducted a survey in female university long-distance runners.<BR>An anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted in runners who participated in the 18th Japan Inter-University Women's EKIDEN Championship, We investigated 99 respondents.<BR>The survey showed that 86 runners (87%) took supplements. Iron was most frequently taken (68 runners, 69%) . The common purpose was to reduce fatigue (amino acids, vitamin C) and prevent ane mia (iron) . However, some supplements were taken after their effects were realized, while others were taken without an effect. In some cases, the purpose was not consistent with the effects. Most runners (73%) purchased supplements in shops stores. Fifty percent of them took supplements for supplementation of nutrients deficient in diets. More than 50% of the runners obtained information on nutrition from their coaches.<BR>Furthermore, most runners began to take supplements when they were senior (55 runners, 56%) or junior (31 runners, 31%) high school students. About 70% of them have taken iron. In the highest percentage of them, their coaches recommended the use of supplements.<BR>The results of this survey showed that most female university long-distance runners took supplements, and that a high proportion of them began to take them when they were senior or junior high school students, suggesting the widespread use of supplements among young athletes. In addition, their instructors markedly influenced the runner's nutritional outlook, by being the source of information on nutrition.
ABSTRACT
The purposes of this study were to examine reliability and validity of ADL index for older people at home, and relationships between ADL score and various factors (ex. self-assessment of health status and physical fitness level, and exercise frequency/week), and to examine the screening basis for execution of physical fitness test based on distribution of ADL score. A questionnaire consisting of 12 ADL items and a physical fitness test of Ministry of Education, Science and Clture were administered to 5, 715 subjects 65 years or more age (male: 2, 745; female: 2, 970) . As a result of examining test-retest reliability of the ADL index, significant high correlations were shown among 12 ADL items (0.674≤r≤0.886), and in overall score (r=0.943) . The ADL score was significantly related to age and physical fitness test scores, and tended to be higher in subjects with a higher self-assessment of health status and physical fitness level, and with more frequency. It was suggested that these results prove the utility of the present ADL index. Further, as the result of examining relationships between distribution of overall ADL score and physical fitness test scores, the following screening bases were considered to be valid for judgement whether the physical fitness tests could be executed. The three screening bases using overall ADL score were: 1) 12 or under; 2) over 13 to under 24; 3) 24 and over. The four bases using item score were: 1) a category 1 response for items 1, 5 and 6; 2) a category 2 or 3 response for items 1, 5 and 6, and a category 1 response for items 3 and 4; 3) a category 3 response for items 2 and 14; 4) a category 1 response for items 10 and 12.
ABSTRACT
The effect of endurance training on aerobic power and the relationship between aerobic power and running performance were investigated longi tudinally on eleven junior runners for 5-7 years, starting from the age of 14, 15 yr. Maximal aerobic power was measured with the subject running on a motor-driven treadmill. The subjects were divided into two groups (Group I, II) .<BR>The results were as follows ;<BR>1) Group I (superior junior runners) showed greater aerobic power and better running performance compared to Group II (good junior runners) . The values for Group II were between those for Group I and for ordinary school boys.<BR>2) Aerobic power for Group I increased from 14, 15 to 18, 19 years old, while aerobic power for Group II decreased to the similar values of the ordinary school boys after stopping the running training.<BR>3) Greatest value for aerobic power was obtained on Subject A as follows : 3.63 1/min (61.5 ml/kg. min) at 14.7 yr of age, 4.67 1/min (74.6 ml/kg. min) at 17.8 yr, 5.04 1/min (76.3 ml/kg. min) at 20.7 yr.<BR>4) Improvement in running performance was closely related to the increase in aerobic power (1/min) for the junior runners during the age of 14 to 18 yr.
ABSTRACT
Three middle-aged men (55-58 years) trained for 50 weeks. Exercise consisted of twelve minutes walking on the motor driven treadmill at the load of 70% of maximum oxygen intake, three times per week.<BR>Evaluations for maximal and submaximal work were made at 5-week intervals using treadmill walking method. Mean maximum oxygen intake improved 29.5% (26.1-39.7 %) over the 50-week period from 1.93 to 2.50 <I>l</I>/min, Mean maximum oxygen intake per body weight improved 24.5% from 34.9 to 43.5 ml/kg.min.<BR>But through the training session, the maximum values of maximum oxygen intake were obtained over the 25-week to 35-week period on each subject. After that period, maximum oxygen intake were unchanged or slightly dropped neverthless the training was continued.<BR>As the linear relationship was found between the oxygen intake and heart rates during exercise, the regression equations were calculated on each maximal test. The regression line might represent the oxygen pulse on each heart rates level during exercise. The oxygen pulse improved clealy also during submaximal work. The improve-ment of oxygen pulse were distinctive to 25-35 week period and after that no change were occured.<BR>In the submaximal test, there was seen clear improvement of efficiency during 20 minutes walking at the load of 70%, 50%, 30% of maximum oxygen intake respectively, even after the period that the increment of maximum oxygen intake could not be caused by training.
ABSTRACT
The present study was intended to determine max. Vo<SUB>2</SUB> and its relation to body weight of Japanese athletes. The subjects in this study were 151 male and female athletes who were Japanese excellent or good runners and swimmers.<BR>Max. Vo<SUB>2</SUB>2 was determined during the maximum running on the treadmill. Treadmill test was made with a constant slope of 8.6%. During the first 2 minutes, the treadmill was set in motion at a certain speed (180 or 200 m/min for male and 160 m/ min for female), and then the speed was increased by 10 m/min every succeeding minute until exhaustion. Expired air during running was collected in Douglas bag every 1 minute upto exhaustion. The sampling gas was analyzed by means of a Beckman oxygen and carbon dioxide analyzer.<BR>The results obtained in this study were as follows ;<BR>1) The regression equations were calculated between max. Vo<SUB>2</SUB> and body weight in relation to sex and sports (Table 1) .<BR>2) Max. Vo<SUB>2</SUB> per body weight of the male swimmers ranges from 50 to 70 and that of the male runners is 70 ml/kg/min. For the female swimmers max. Vo<SUB>2</SUB> is between 40 and 60 and the female runners approximately 60 ml/kg/min.<BR>3) The regression equation was calculated between the mean speed of 5000 m running as performance (Y) and max. Vo<SUB>2</SUB> per body weight as physical resources (X) for the runners.<BR>Y=0. 0431X+2.50±0.232